The Constitution of India is the fundamental law of India. It was adopted on 26 November 1949, and came into force on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Indian Independence Act 1947 with effect from 26 January 1950 to enable the governance of independent India. The document lays out the framework for government in a federal system consisting of states and union territories, where substantial powers are reserved to the states under Articles 3-5. This document contains 144 sections that lay out details for everything from citizenship, to food security, terrorism laws, etc... As of 2018, the constitution has been revised nineteen times. The eighth amendment was made in 1976 by Indira Gandhi, the third prime minister of India. Subsequent amendments were made in 1986, 1993, 1995, 2002 and 2007. The seventh amendment was made in 1991 during the term of P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India for four years between 1991 and 1996.The latest amendment to the constitution is what has been called the 42nd constitutional amendment by Indian newspapers while some have called it "the most important charter since independence". It was given its final name on 11 December 2016 when Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that it will be known as the constitution (44th) Amendment Act 2016. The 42nd Amendment (Amendment) Bill (2016) was passed in the Lok Sabha by a overwhelming majority of invited members and in the Rajya Sabha by a majority of elected members. It has been described as "the most important charter since independence" and will be known as "constitution (44th amendment) bill". The 42nd Amendment (Amendment) Bill (2016), which amends the Constitution by dropping Article 368, was introduced in Lok Sabha on 11 December 2016. When it came to the vote, both Houses were unanimous in passing it with 2,379 voting in favour and no one voting against; 275 MPs abstained from voting. The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 16 December 2016 and by the Lok Sabha on 16 December 2016.The bill, after receiving assent from President Pranab Mukherjee on 31 December 2016, was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 1 January 2017. The amendment came into effect retrospectively from 26 November 1949, when the constitution came into force.This is a list of articles in the Constitution of India dealing with federalism, union–state relationships and individual rights. The articles are arranged in four chapters for ease of navigation.
Articles (1)-(15) of Part III deals with the Union government and individual rights.
The supremacy of the Constitution is provided for under Article VI-A. This Article places the Indian Supreme Court as the highest judicial forum and final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. However, Parliamentary Acts cannot be declared unconstitutional by the Apex court. Some examples include:The Fundamental Rights also include:Further, it provides for a mechanism to amend the Constitution under Article 368, which lays down barely any substantive restrictions on Parliament's power to amend any part of it.
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